miercuri, 2 august 2017

Bridge bearings

Bridge bearings


Elastomer bearings


Elastomer bearings are layered products, i. e. they alternate between an elastomer layer and a steel panel as reinforcement for the part.

The entirety is vulcanised to permanently attach the rebar with the elastomer layers.

The main component used in manufacture is polychloroprene rubber, reinforcement is made of enhanced quality steel type S355 J0.

The reinforced elastomer blocks are used in engineering structures to transfer reactions from vertical and horizontal loads to the support parts; they also provide freedom of deformation for stays and the walkway platform, which are a result of temperature changes.


 


Product description


Support for drive-on components of engineering structures: bridges, viaducts, pedestrian flyovers – is constructed in most cases through the use of flexible components. Elastomer bearings are such components. The load resistance is ensured by internal reinforcement with steel panels. These bearings are made of polychloroprene rubber or natural rubber.

Thanks to different types of bearings, it is possible to satisfy all that is required of them in engineering structures.

According to Polish Standard PN-EN 1337-3, structural elastomer bearings possess the CE mark, confirming the adherence to particular requirements of the indicated norm by the manufacturer, in this case the company Gumba GmbH. The CE mark issued to the elastomer structural bearings made by Gumba GmbH by MPA Stuttgart, a notified body within the European Union, unequivocally conforms the adherence to requirements of standard PN-EN 1337-3. This document permits the introduction of the bridge bearings onto the European market, including the Polish market.



Elastomer properties allow, to a certain degree, movement of the material itself and twisting by deformation. As compared to other bearing types, they have a certain particular advantage – in many cases one can forgo expensive structures with slip components. If the shift caused by the properties of the elastomer bearing is not sufficient for a particular case, the scope of functionality may be expanded.


Note:

As a result of errors during design and bearing selection, locking of the structure may occur, as well as pressure of the main structure on the abutments, and following that – cracking of front walls, head walls and lower plinths. Altering bearing dimensions also causes flaws, and as a result, it needlessly increases costs of construction and maintenance of the structure.


Every elastomer bearing has a vulcanised label describing the bearing, which contains the following information (image below):


  • CE certificate number

  • norm according to which the bearing was manufactured

  • manufacturer logo

  • bearing number




structural bearings



 


 


 Bearing types


Considering the anchoring method, one can differentiate between four basic elastomer bearing types: type B(1), type C(2), type B/C(1/2) and type C-PSP(5).



Type B(1) – reinforced, non-anchored bearing, consisting of at least two steel reinforcement plates. Fulfilment of the condition of minimum load and friction prevents this bearing from slipping. Lack of anchoring eases replacement and servicing of these bearings.


 


 


 



 


Type B/C(1/2) – reinforced bearing with single-side anchoring. The vulcanised external rubber prevents this bearing from slipping, and forms the lower support surface of the part. The method of anchoring of the bearing may be freely configured: welded anchors, protective circular plates or threaded holes. For railway bridges, irrespective of the loads, type B/C(1/2) should always be used.


 


 


 


 



 


Type C(2) – reinforced bearing, anchored on both sides. The vulcanised external sheet steel (support surfaces) prevent this bearing from slipping. Similarly to the type described earlier, the method of anchoring of the bearing is freely selectable: welded anchors, protective circular plates or threaded holes. Replacement of this bearing type is quite complicated, and requires additional operations.


 


 


 


 



reinforced bearings

 


 


Type C-PSP(5) – reinforced bearing, anchored on both sides. Vulcanised external ribbed metal sheets (support surfaces) prevent this bearing from slipping. The replacement of this bearing type is quite complicated, and requires not only the grout under the bearing, but also the reinforced concrete part above the bearing, to be removed.


 


 


 


Standard Gumba bearing dimension tables




























































































































































































































































































































































Minimum pressure
≥ 3N/mm²
Minimum pressure
< 3 N/mm²
Typ B(1)Typ C (2) i C (5)
Typ B/C (1/2)
Load
Nz,k
Bearing

dimensions

a x b
Elastomer

layer count

n
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

height

d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

thickness

Typ 2
d
Bearing

thickness

Typ 5
d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

thickness

d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Turn

angle

Ø
kN
mm
pcs.
mm
mm
mm
rad/1000
100

150
100×100

100×150
1714104
21121157423210931,512,58
3142820114939151238,517,512
4163525145646201545,522,516
5184230166353251752,527,520
61870603024
300150×2001714103
21121157423210931,512,56
3142820114939151238,517,59
4183525145646201645,522,512
5214230186353251952,527,515
6234935217060302259,532,518
7255640237767352466,537,221
8276345258474402673,542,524
9287050279181452880,547,527
102898885030
310

630

750

1000
ø200

200×250

200×300

200×400
19191334
2153021114939161339,518,568
3204129176050241950,526,5912
4265237227161322461,534,51216
5306345288272402972,542,51520
6347453329383483383,550,51824
73685613510494563694,558,52128
837115105642432


































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Minimum pressure
≥ 3N/mm²
Minimum pressure
< 3 N/mm²
Typ B(1)Typ C (2) i C (5)
Typ B/C (1/2)
Load
Nz,k
Bearing

dimensions

a x b
Elastomer

layer count

n
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

height

d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

thickness

Typ 2
d
Bearing

thickness

Typ 5
d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

thickness

d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Turn

angle

Ø
kN
mm
szt.
mm
mm
mm
rad/1000
600

1300
Ø250

250×400
19191334
2153021114939161339,518,558
3204129176050241950,526,5812
4265237227161322461,534,51016
5326345288272403072,542,51320
6377453349383483583,550,51524
74085613810494563994,558,51828
8439669411151056442105,566,52032
94610777441261167245116,574,52336
1046137127802540
900

1800
Ø300

300×400
19191323
2153021114939161339,518,546
3204129176050241950,526,569
4265237227161322461,534,5812
5326345288272403072,542,51015
6377453349383483583,550,51218
74385613910494564194,528,21421
8469669441151056445105,566,51624
95010777481261167249116,574,51827
105211885511371278052127,582,52030
115512993531481388854138,590,52233
1256159149962436
1200Ø35011124164
2193927155646221747,524,58
3275438237161332562,533,512
4346949318676443377,546,516
54284603910191554092,557,520
6509971461161066648107,568,524
75511482521311217753122,579,528
85912993571461368858137,590,532
963144104611611519962152,5101,536
10661591156417616611065167,5112,540



























































































































































































































































































































































































































Minimum pressure
≥ 5 N/mm²
Minimum pressure
< 5 N/mm²
Typ B(1)Typ C (2) i C (5)
Typ B/C (1/2)
Load
Nz,k
Bearing

dimensions

a x b
Elastomer

layer count

n
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

height

d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

thickness

Typ 2
d
Bearing

thickness

Typ 5
d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

thickness

d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Turn

angle

Ø
kN
mm
pcs.
mm
mm
mm
rad/1000
2400350×4503275438238161332567,533,58
4346949319676443382,546,510
54284603911191554097,557,513
6509971461261066648112,568,515
75511482521411217753127,579,518
85912993571561368858142,590,520
963144104611711519962157,5101,523
10661591156418616611065172,5112,525
1900

3000
Ø400

400×500
3275438238161332567,535,569
4346949319676443382,546,5812
54284603911191554097,557,51015
6509971461261066648112,568,51218
75711482541411217756127,579,51421
86212993601561368861142,590,51624
967144104651711519966157,5101,51827
10701591156918616611070175,5112,52030
11741741267220118112173187,5123,52233
12752161961322436
2400

4050
Ø450

450×600
3275438238161332567,533,569
4346949319676443382,546,5812
54284603911191554097,557,51015
6509971461261066648112,568,51218
75711482541411217756127,579,51421
86512993621561368863142,590,51624
970144104671711519968157,5101,51827
10741591157218616611073172,5112,52030
11781741267620118112177187,5123,52233
12821891378021619613281202,5134,52436
13852041488323121114384217,5145,52639
























































































































































































































































































































































Minimum pressure
≥ 5 N/mm²
Minimum pressure
< 5 N/mm²
Typ B(1)Typ C (2) i C (5)
Typ B/C (1/2)
Load
Nz,k
Bearing

dimensions

a x b
Elastomer

layer count

n
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

height

d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

thickness

Typ 2
d
Bearing

thickness

Typ 5
d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

thickness

d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Turn

angle

Ø
kN
mm
pcs.
mm
mm
mm
rad/1000
2900

3600

4500
Ø 500

Ø 550

500×600
3275438238161332567,533,566
4346949319676443382,546,588
54284603911191554097,557,51010
6509971461261066648112,568,51212
75711482541411217756127,579,51414
86512993621561368863142,590,51616
972144104691711519971157,5101,51818
10771591157518616611076172,5112,52020
11821741268020118112181187,5123,52222
12861891378421619613285202,5134,52424
13892041488813121114389217,5145,52626
14932191599114622615492232,5156,52828
15941611411653030
4100

5000

6300
Ø 600

Ø 650

600×700
3357050329575453382,547,566
446906542115956044102,562,588
55611080531351157554122,577,51010
66713095631551359065142,592,51212
7771501107417515510575162,5107,51414
8861701258419517512085182,5122,51616
9931901409121519513592202,5137,51818
10992101559823521515098222,5152,52020
11105230170103255235165104242,5167,52222
12109250185108275255180109262,5182,52424
13113270200112295275195113282,5197,52626





































































































































































































































































































































































Minimum pressure
≥ 5 N/mm²
Minimum pressure
< 5 N/mm²
Typ B(1)Typ C (2) i C (5)
Typ B/C (1/2)
Load
Nz,k
Bearing

dimensions

a x b
Elastomer

layer count

n
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

height

d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

thickness

Typ 2
d
Bearing

thickness

Typ 5
d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

thickness

d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Turn

angle

Ø
kN
mm
pcs.
mm
mm
mm
rad/1000
5800

6600

8400
Ø 700

Ø 750

700×800
3357050329575453382,547,566
446906542115956044102,562,588
55611080531351157554122,577,51010
66713095631551359065142,592,51212
7771501107417515510575162,5107,51414
8881701258419517512086182,5122,51616
9981901409521519513596202,5137,51818
10105210155103135215150104222,5152,52020
11112230170110255235165111242,5167,52222
12118250185116275255180117262,5182,52424
13123270200121295275195122282,5197,52626
14127290215126315295210127302,5212,52828
15131310230130335315225131322,5227,53030
7500

8500

9600
Ø 800

Ø 850

800×800
34179593810484544091,556,566
45410277501271077252114,574,588
56712595631501309065137,592,51010
6791481137617315310877160,5110,51212
7921711318819617612690183,5128,51414
8104194149101219199144103206,5146,51616
9115217167113242222162114229,5164,51818
10124240185122265245180123252,5182,52020
11131263203129288268198130275,5200,52222
12138286221136311291216137298,5218,52424
13144309239142334314234143321,5236,52626
14149332257147357337252148344,5254,52828




















































































































































































































Minimum pressure
≥ 5 N/mm²
Minimum pressure
< 5 N/mm²
Typ B(1)Typ C (2) i C (5)
Typ B/C (1/2)
Load
Nz,k
Bearing

dimensions

a x b
Elastomer

layer count

n
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

height

d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

thickness

Typ 2
d
Bearing

thickness

Typ 5
d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Shift
+/-
ex
Bearing

thickness

d
Elastomer

thickness

t
Turn

angle

Ø
kN
mm
pcs.
mm
mm
mm
rad/1000
9500

12000
Ø 800

900×900
34179593810484544091,556,555
45410277501271077252114,574,566
56712595631501309065137,592,588
6791481137617315310877160,5110,599
7921711318819617612690183,5128,51111
8104194149101219199144103206,5146,51212
911721716711324222216115229,5164,51414
10128240185126265245180127252,5182,51515
11137263203135288268198136275,5200,51717
12145286221143311291216144298,5218,51818
13152309239150334314234151321,5236,52020
14158332257156357337252157344,5254,52121
15163355275162380360252163367,5272,52323
16168378293167403383270391390,5290,52424
bearings

The tables for reinforced elastomer bearings apply to standard-construction Gumba bearings. They apply to initial dimensions, which only allow a general and fast estimation of the bearing size. The values provided in them are characteristic values for the Serviceability Limit State (SLS). In order to conduct more precise dimensioning of the structural bearings, please contact our representatives in the retail branches, employees of the technical department or alternatively use the software available at the manufacturer’s website at www.gumba.de. The software allows optimum bearing selection. It includes only known bearing dimensions with layered structures according to Gumba standards and regular bearing dimensions according to norm EN 1337-3.


 


Calculation basis according to EN 1337-3.


Designing and manufacture of elastomer bearings is based on Polish Standard PN-EN 1337-3, which is harmonised with the Construction Directive 89/106/EEC. This norm covers i. e. reinforced elastomer bearings with a surface area of up to 1200 x 1200 mm2, used between temperature values between -25 °C and +50 °C.

Below, the recommended course of calculations, the expansion of which is found in the norm indicated earlier on, is presented.

Remarks and further hints concerning the presented calculation phases are found in standard PN-EN 1337.

For the calculation of values related to elastomer bearings, characteristic load values need to be applies. The proof takes place at the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) for joint deformation stemming from load and shift.

The table above contains information necessary to dimension bearings according to standard PN-EN 1337-3. The table also contains necessary shore conditions. It may serve the determination and description of structural bearing parameters designed for a particular structure.


Note:

According to Polish Standard PN-EN 1337-3, the bridge structure designer presents all necessary data allowing the selection of structural bearings for such a structure. It is not possible for the bearing manufacturer to calculate this data.


Elastomer bearing calculations


The bearings must correspond to the following requirements:
1. Maximum calculational deformation

At any given point of the bearing, the sum of deformations (Ɛt,d) caused by effects of calculational load (Ed) is given by the formula:



Ɛc,d – calculational deformation caused by compressive calculational loads

Ɛq,d – calculational shear deformation caused by calculational horizontal shifts

Ɛɑ,d– calculational deformation caused by the calculational twist angle

KL – load type coefficient


  •   Calculational deformation caused by compressive calculational loads


Nz,d – vertical force calculational value

G – nominal value of the ordinary non-dilatational strain modulus for an elastomer bearing

Ar – reduced effective area of the elastomer bearing



A’- effective area of a reinforced bearing (surface area of reinforcement sheet steel)
A’ = a’·b’ (for cuboid bearings without openings)

a’ – effective width of reinforced bearing (reinforcement sheet width)

b’ – effective length of reinforced bearing (reinforcement sheet length)

vx,d – maximum horizontal relative shift of a bearing part towards dimension a of the bearing caused by all effects of calculational load

vy,d – maximum horizontal relative shift of a bearing part towards dimension b of the bearing caused by all effects of calculational load


S – shape coefficient



A’- effective area of a reinforced bearing (surface area of reinforcement sheet steel)
A’ = a’·b’ (for cuboid bearings without openings)

a’ – effective width of reinforced bearing (reinforcement sheet width)

b’ – effective length of reinforced bearing (reinforcement sheet length)

lp – circumference of bearing without load

lp=2·(a’+b’)

te – effective thickness of individual elastomer layer at compression


  • Calculational shear deformation caused by calculational horizontal shifts.


vxy,d – maximum resultant horizontal relative shift of bearing part obtained from vector sum of  vx,d and vy,d

Tq – total elastomer thickness at non-dilatational strain with upper and lower cover


  • Calculational deformation caused by calculational twist angle


a’ – effective width of reinforced bearing (reinforcement sheet width)

ɑa,d – turn angle about bearing width a

b’ – effective length of reinforced bearing (reinforcement sheet length)

ɑb,d –  turn angle (if applicable) about bearing width b

ti – individual elastomer layer thickness


 2. Maximum extension pressure in reinforcement sheets


  • Reinforcement plate thickness

 



Kp – correction coefficient

Kp = 1,3

Nz,d – calculational value of vertical force

t1, t2 – elastomer thickness on both sides of metal sheet

Kh – extension pressure coefficient caused in the reinforcement steel sheet

Kh =1 (without openings)

Kh = 2 (with openings)

Ɣm – partial safety coefficient, Ɣm= 1,0

Ar – reduced effective elastomer bearing area

fy – steel yield strength


3. Limit conditions


  • Twist limit condition

For reinforced bearings, the limit turn should not be reached when total vertical compression ∑Vz,d meets the following conditions:

For parallel wall bearings:



 


For circular bearings:



 


∑vz,d – total vertical compression causing ɑa  and ɑb
Nz,d – vertical force calculational value


ti – individual elastomer layer thickness

A’ – effective reinforced bearing area (surface area of reinforcement sheet steel)

G – nominal value of the ordinary non-dilatational strain modulus for an elastomer bearing

S1 – thickest layers shape coefficient

Eb – volumetric strain modulus Eb = 2000 MPa

a’ – effective width of reinforced bearing (reinforcement sheet width)

ɑa,d – turn angle about bearing width a

b’ –  effective length of reinforced bearing (reinforcement sheet length)

ɑb,d –  turn angle (if applicable) about bearing width b

Kr,d – twist coefficient

Kr,d = 3

D’ – effective bearing diameter

ɑd – twist angle about diameter D of circular bearing



  •  Dent stability


In reinforced elastomer bearings, the load should conform to the following formula:



 


Nz,d – vertical force calculational value

Ar – reduced effective area of the elastomer bearing

a’ – effective width of reinforced bearing (reinforcement sheet width)

G – nominal value of the ordinary non-dilatational strain modulus for an elastomer bearing

S1 – thickest layers shape coefficient

Te – sum total of all elastomer layers


  • No-slip condition

Non-anchored bearings must conform to the following formula:



and under fixed loads



 


Nxy,d – resultant force of all horizontal forces

Nz,dmin – minimum vertical calculational force related to Nxy,d

Ar – reduced effective area of the elastomer bearing

µe – friction coefficient according to the following formula:



Kf = 0,6 for concrete

Kf = 0,2 for all other surfaces including resin mortars and grout

σm – average load tension resulting from Nz,dmin


 4. Forces, moments and deformations acting on structures


  • mutual contact surface pressure

All that is required is a test whether the average pressure on the surface does not exceed the base layer material strength.


  • result force of resistance against horizontal shift


A – total flat bearing area

G – nominal value of the ordinary non-dilatational strain modulus for an elastomer bearing

vxy,d – maximum resultant horizontal relative shift of bearing part obtained from vector sum of vx,d and vy,d
Te – sum total of all elastomer layers


  • Rotation resistance

Parallel wall bearings



G – nominal value of the ordinary non-dilatational strain modulus for an elastomer bearing

ɑ – bearing angle of rotation

a’ – effective reinforced bearing width (reinforcement sheet width)

b’ – effective reinforced bearing length (reinforcement sheet length)

n – elastomer layer count

ti – individual elastomer layer thickness

Ks – resistance moment coefficient


Circular bearings



G – nominal value of the ordinary non-dilatational strain modulus for an elastomer bearing

ɑ – bearing angle of rotation

D’ – effective bearing diameter

n – elastomer layer count

ti – individual elastomer layer thickness


The Ks resistance moment coefficient is determined using the following table.






































b/a
0,5
0,75
1
1,2
1,25
1,3
1,4
1,5
Ks13710086,280,479,378,476,775,3
b/a
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2
2,5
10
X
Ks74,173,172,271,570,868,361,960

 


 


ASSEMBLY RECOMMENDATIONS


General information


Apart from co-operation with design agencies and contractors concerning selection and design of structural bearings, Betomax offers supervision, and, since 2010, also installation of structural bearings. We currently utilise two specialised teams of structural bearing installation specialists. Installation covers arrangement of the bearing on the support structure, levelling and adjusting the bearing with respect to axes, execution of formwork, grouting using low-contraction mortar and protecting the bearing after installation. Our teams are equipped with specialised tools required for correct bearing installation. they utilise the following measurement devices: high-precision levels, electronic levelling instruments, infra-red thermometers and power tools required at installation. The installation concludes with the issue of a bearing installation protocol transferred to the site contractor.

We co-operate with the largest construction companies operating in Poland, i. e. Skanska, Strabag, Polimex Mostostal, Budimex. We have participated in the construction of the first sections of Polish highway A1 and several sections of highway A2. For the installation of structural bearings, we adhere to the current standard PN-EN 1337-11, complying with the strictest EU requirements, as proven by the respect of our satisfied customers.


elastomer bearing

The installation of a bearing is preceded by creation of image documentation and its transfer to the construction site. After it is approved, preparatory works may commence. The first stage is the execution of lower plinths. The plinths are executed individually for every bearing, considering the hints included in assembly drawings transferred by Betomax. The plinth needs to be reinforced and covered by formwork up to an appropriate height. In case of anchored bearings equipped with studs, openings need to be left clear in the plinth. After appropriate concrete strength is reached, the installation of the bearing may commence. The part on which the grout shall be executed must be prepared accordingly. The bearings are arranged according to the axes indicated by the geodesic services. Then, the bearings are levelled, and their arrangement is checked and approved by a geodesic specialist. A further step is preparing the formwork, after which the grout may be executed. The grout is introduced in a manner ensuring removal of air from under the bearing, so as to avoid emergence of so-called air bubbles under the bearing. Depending on the grout type, after appropriate resistance strength is reached, the load bearing structure of the element may be executed. For transport and assembly, the bearings are protected by assembly securing screws, which must be removed when the structure starts transferring loads and working by itself.



Assembly work














1. Preparation of plinth surface by graining2. Cleaning of lower plinth surface




3. Assignment of bearings4. Layout and levelling of elastomer bearing




5. Grout execution6. Securing the bearing




Structural bearing replacement


Extensive investments related to the construction of new road sections and engineering structures are currently carried out in Poland, along with repairs and upgrades of existing structures and roads. In case of existing structures, old, used-up bearings needs to be replaced with new products. Viaducts and bridges often rest on corroded roller bearings which do not work properly, with the entire structure at risk of failure. Betomax offers assistance in the selection of appropriate solutions and in the installation of new bearings. The first stage is designing appropriate bearings, which shall ensure the transfer of vertical loads, horizontal forces and thermal deformations of the existing structure. The above solutions must be accepted by the design office executing the site upgrade design. The replacement of the delivered bearings itself entails lifting the existing structure by hydraulic motors to an appropriate height, thus ensuring the space necessary for removal of the current bearings, in most cases by chiselling them away, and the installation of new bearings.

Professional evaluation of the condition of elastomer bearings requires to a great extent knowledge and experience, and must be conducted by qualified personnel. If divergences are found, consultations with the bearing manufacturer are recommended.

During the inspection of a bridge, structural bearings are also controlled. During an inspection, among others, the following factors are analysed:


  • elastomer bearing position

  • elastomer bearing contact area size with surrounding surfaces

  • quality of elastomer bearing surface (springing effects, cracks)

  • allowable horizontal shift

  • allowable rotation

  • slip surface quality

  • corrosion protection quality

Below may be found a few examples of upgrade works completed. Photographs provided by Other Montagen.






beforeafterbeforeafter


Bridge bearings

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